Allama Ibn Khaldun’s concept of Prophethood

Religion, with its inherent connection to prophethood and the figure of the prophet, has played a pivotal role in shaping societies and nations by eradicating geographical and racial prejudices and fostering a cohesive global community. This influence is considered the most significant factor in human history. The teachings and guidance brought forth by prophets have not only facilitated a deep understanding of moral virtues, but have also untangled the intricate web of economic, social, and political complexities. Without the enlightenment offered by prophethood, a comprehensive comprehension of these multifaceted aspects would remain elusive.

Prophethood and divine revelations are intrinsically linked through the special grace and favor of Allah. Ibn Khaldun, a renowned Arab sociologist, philosopher, and historian, widely recognized as one of the most influential social scientists of the Middle Ages, posits that prophethood is closely tied to the human intellect. It represents a progression of human thought, the pinnacle of humanity's intellectual development.

In this intricate world of elements, a profound order exists, with each class interconnected. It is imperative to appreciate the stability inherent in this arrangement. One class is intricately linked to another, establishing a continuous chain of progression and transformation. The advancement of minerals, for instance, leads to the initial emergence of plants, which, in turn, paves the way for the appearance of the first animals. This pattern persists as each horizon has the potential to evolve into the subsequent one.

However, the law of progression and change necessitates that this chain does not cease but continues moving forward. Consequently, another realm comes into play—the realm of angels, which is rooted in pure perception and rationality. While it maintains a connection with the human self, it remains distinct from it. At times, the human self, in its specific endeavors, detaches from its humanity and aligns itself with the ranks of angels. This transcendence occurs when the human self reaches a state where it possesses both physical and angelic connections.

This affiliation with angels, accompanied by a temporary departure from humanity, represents the divine favor bestowed upon an individual, known as prophethood.

Allama Ibn Khaldun, a prominent Arab scholar recognized for his contributions as a sociologist, philosopher, and historian, made noteworthy observations regarding nations living without religion but possessing vast territories and specific systems. In contrast, he observed nations adhering to celestial religions but existing as minorities. These observations led him to the conclusion that prophethood is not a prerequisite for the establishment of nations and governments. This perspective diverged from the viewpoints of renowned philosophers and Islamic historians.

Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi, however, criticized Ibn Khaldun's position, challenging his stance on the matter. Subsequently, there was a shift in Ibn Khaldun's views. Egyptian writer and philosopher Muhammad Lutfy Juma noted that Ibn Khaldun later revised his opinion, stating that while prophethood may not be essential for the formation of ordinary nations, it becomes indispensable for the development and establishment of advanced and perfect governments. This is due to the fact that a kingdom founded on prophethood encompasses the benefits of both religious principles and worldly affairs. This perspective is outlined in "Tarikh Filasafat al-Islam" (History of Islamic Philosophy).

Translated by: Muhammad Ahsan, Abu Dhabi.